The global Polystyrene market size in 2023 is 41535.9 million US dollars, and it is expected to be 55027.4 million US dollars by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of 4.1% expected in 2024-2030.
MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Polystyrene market include SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company), Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V., BASF SE, CHIMEI Corporation, and TotalEnergies SE. The share of the top 3 players in the Polystyrene market is XX%.
REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, and North America accounted for XX%, Europe accounted for XX% of Polystyrene market, and Asia Pacific accounted for XX%.
SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. Foams accounted for XX% of Polystyrene market in 2023. Injection Molding share of XX%.
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) accounted for XX% of the Polystyrene market in 2023. General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) accounts for XX%.
The report includes the analysis of impact of COVID-19 lock-down on the revenue of market leaders, followers, and disrupters. Since lock down was implemented differently in different regions and countries, impact of same is also different by regions and segments. The report has covered the current short term and long term impact on the market, same will help decision makers to prepare the outline for short term and long term strategies for companies by region.
The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, industry-validated market data and projections with a suitable set of assumptions and methodology. The report also helps in understanding Global Polystyrene Market dynamics, structure by identifying and analyzing the market segments and project the global market size.
In addition, the market SWOT analysis, dynamics, trends, technologies, opportunities and challenges analysis are covered in the report.
Further, the report also focuses on the competitive analysis of key players by product, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the product overview, market scope, product classification, application, and regional division, and then includes inflation analysis, the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the market, and the global impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
Chapter 2: Analysis of the competitive environment of Polystyrene market participants. This mainly includes the revenue, sales, market share, and average price of the top players, along with the players” M&A and expansion in recent years.
Chapter 3: Analyzes the main companies in the Polystyrene industry, including their main businesses, products/services, sales, prices, revenue, gross margin, and the latest developments.
Chapters 4-5: Segmented the global Polystyrene market by type, and application. Analyze the revenue, sales and price of market segments from different perspectives.
Chapters 6-7: Provide global Polystyrene market production status and consumption status by region.
Chapters 8-12: Provide North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa Polystyrene market country segmentation data.
Chapter 13: Analyzes the Polystyrene industry chain, including raw material analysis, sales and marketing, distributors and major downstream buyers.
Chapter 14: Introduces the market dynamics, the trends factors and drivers factors of the market, and the challenges and restraints faced by manufacturers in the industry, and includes market technology analysis.
Chapter 15: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Chapter 16: Concludes with an explanation of the data sources and research methods.
Highlights-Regions
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Latin America
Brazil
Argentina
Mexico
MEA
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Turkey
Player list
SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company)
Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V.
BASF SE
CHIMEI Corporation
TotalEnergies SE
INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH
Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.)
Trinseo PLC
LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation)
Synthos S.A
Types list
Foams
Injection Molding
Films & Sheets
Others
Application list
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS)
Expandable Polystyrene (EPS)
Table of Content
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Polystyrene Product Introduction
1.2 Market by Type
1.2.1 Global Polystyrene Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Polystyrene Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
1.6 Currency Exchange Rate
1.7 Inflation Analysis
1.8 The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
1.9 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Impact on Global
2 Competition by Players
2.1 Global Polystyrene Sales by Players
2.1.1 Global Polystyrene Sales by Players (2019-2024)
2.1.2 Global Polystyrene Sales Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
2.1.3 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Players of Polystyrene in 2024
2.2 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Players
2.2.1 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
2.2.2 Global Polystyrene Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
2.2.3 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Companies by Polystyrene Revenue in 2024
2.3 Global Polystyrene Sales Price by Players
2.4 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.4.1 Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
2.4.2 Global Polystyrene Players Geographical Distribution
2.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
3 Company Overview
3.1 SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company)
3.1.1 SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) Information
3.1.2 SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) Overview
3.1.3 SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.1.4 SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) Related Developments
3.2 Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V.
3.2.1 Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V. Information
3.2.2 Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V. Overview
3.2.3 Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V. Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.2.4 Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V. Related Developments
3.3 BASF SE
3.3.1 BASF SE Information
3.3.2 BASF SE Overview
3.3.3 BASF SE Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.3.4 BASF SE Related Developments
3.4 CHIMEI Corporation
3.4.1 CHIMEI Corporation Information
3.4.2 CHIMEI Corporation Overview
3.4.3 CHIMEI Corporation Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.4.4 CHIMEI Corporation Related Developments
3.5 TotalEnergies SE
3.5.1 TotalEnergies SE Information
3.5.2 TotalEnergies SE Overview
3.5.3 TotalEnergies SE Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.5.4 TotalEnergies SE Related Developments
3.6 INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH
3.6.1 INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH Information
3.6.2 INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH Overview
3.6.3 INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.6.4 INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH Related Developments
3.7 Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.)
3.7.1 Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.) Information
3.7.2 Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.) Overview
3.7.3 Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.) Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.7.4 Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.) Related Developments
3.8 Trinseo PLC
3.8.1 Trinseo PLC Information
3.8.2 Trinseo PLC Overview
3.8.3 Trinseo PLC Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.8.4 Trinseo PLC Related Developments
3.9 LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation)
3.9.1 LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation) Information
3.9.2 LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation) Overview
3.9.3 LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation) Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.9.4 LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation) Related Developments
3.10 Synthos S.A
3.10.1 Synthos S.A Information
3.10.2 Synthos S.A Overview
3.10.3 Synthos S.A Polystyrene Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.10.4 Synthos S.A Related Developments
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Global Polystyrene Sales by Type
4.1.1 Global Polystyrene Sales by Type (2019-2024)
4.1.2 Global Polystyrene Forecasted Sales by Type (2024-2030)
4.2 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Type
4.2.1 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Type (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Polystyrene Forecasted Revenue by Type (2024-2030)
4.3 Global Polystyrene Price by Type
4.3.1 Global Polystyrene Price by Type (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global Polystyrene Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Global Polystyrene Sales by Application
5.1.1 Global Polystyrene Sales by Application (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Polystyrene Forecasted Sales by Application (2024-2030)
5.2 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Application
5.2.1 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Polystyrene Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
5.3 Global Polystyrene Price by Application
5.3.1 Global Polystyrene Price by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global Polystyrene Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
6 Global Polystyrene Production
6.1 Global Polystyrene Production (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Polystyrene Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
6.3 Global Polystyrene Production by Region
6.3.1 Global Polystyrene Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
6.3.2 Global Polystyrene Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
6.4 North America
6.5 Europe
6.6 China
6.7 Japan
7 Global Polystyrene Market Insights Estimates and Forecasts
7.1 Global Polystyrene Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
7.2 Global Polystyrene Revenue Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
7.3 Global Polystyrene Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
7.4 Global Polystyrene Sales by Region
7.4.1 Global Polystyrene Sales by Region (2019-2024)
7.4.2 Global Polystyrene Sales by Region (2024-2030)
7.5 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Region
7.5.1 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
7.5.2 Global Polystyrene Revenue by Region (2024-2030)
7.6 North America
7.7 Europe
7.8 Asia-Pacific
7.9 Latin America
7.10 Middle East & Africa
8 North America
8.1 North America Polystyrene Market Size by Country
8.1.1 North America Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
8.1.2 North America Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
8.1.3 U.S.
8.1.4 Canada
9 Europe
9.1 Europe Polystyrene Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Europe Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
9.1.2 Europe Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
9.1.3 Germany
9.1.4 France
9.1.5 U.K.
9.1.6 Italy
9.1.7 Russia
10 Asia Pacific
10.1 Asia Pacific Polystyrene Market Size by Region
10.1.1 Asia Pacific Polystyrene Sales by Region (2019-2030)
10.1.2 Asia Pacific Polystyrene Revenue by Region (2019-2030)
10.1.3 China
10.1.4 Japan
10.1.5 South Korea
10.1.6 India
10.1.7 Southeast Asia
10.1.8 Australia
11 Latin America
11.1 Latin America Polystyrene Market Size by Country
11.1.1 Latin America Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
11.1.2 Latin America Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
11.1.3 Mexico
11.1.4 Brazil
12 Middle East and Africa
12.1 Middle East and Africa Polystyrene Market Size by Country
12.1.1 Middle East and Africa Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
12.1.2 Middle East and Africa Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
12.1.3 Turkey
12.1.4 Saudi Arabia
12.1.5 U.A.E
13 Value Chain and Channels Analysis
13.1 Polystyrene Value Chain Analysis
13.2 Polystyrene Key Raw Materials
13.2.1 Key Raw Materials
13.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
13.3 Polystyrene Production Mode & Process
13.4 Polystyrene Sales and Marketing
13.4.1 Polystyrene Sales Channels
13.4.2 Polystyrene Distributors
13.5 Polystyrene Customers
14 Market Drivers, Opportunities, Challenges and Risks Factors Analysis
14.1 Polystyrene Industry Trends
14.2 Polystyrene Market Drivers
14.3 Polystyrene Market Challenges
14.4 Polystyrene Market Restraints
14.5 Polystyrene Market Technology Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source
16.1 Methodology
16.1.1 Research Process
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Legal Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Polystyrene Picture
Table Product Definition of Polystyrene
Table Global Polystyrene Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Polystyrene Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Figure Years Considered
Table Inflation Analysis
Table The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
Figure (COVID-19) Impact on Global Economic Growth 2019, 2020, 2021
Figure Population infected by the Covid-19 of Major Countries
Table Global Polystyrene Sales by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Sales Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Polystyrene in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Polystyrene in 2024
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Polystyrene in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Polystyrene in 2024
Table Global Polystyrene Sales Price by Players
Table Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
Table Global Polystyrene Players Geographical Distribution
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Company Profiles
Table SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) Overview
Table SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SABIC (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V. Overview
Table Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V. Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Alfa, S. A. B. de C. V. Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table BASF SE Overview
Table BASF SE Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table BASF SE Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table CHIMEI Corporation Overview
Table CHIMEI Corporation Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table CHIMEI Corporation Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table TotalEnergies SE Overview
Table TotalEnergies SE Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table TotalEnergies SE Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH Overview
Table INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table INEOS Styrolution Group GmbH Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.) Overview
Table Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.) Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Atlas Roofing Corporation (Atlas Molded Products) (Hood Companies, Inc.) Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Trinseo PLC Overview
Table Trinseo PLC Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Trinseo PLC Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation) Overview
Table LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation) Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table LG Chem Ltd. (LG Corporation) Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Synthos S.A Overview
Table Synthos S.A Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Synthos S.A Related Developments
Table Global Polystyrene Sales by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Sales Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Sales by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Sales Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Revenue by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Revenue Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Price by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Sales by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Sales Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Sales by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Sales Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Revenue Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Price by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
Figure Global Polystyrene Production (2019-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Polystyrene Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Historic Production Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Forecasted Production Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Polystyrene Production (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Polystyrene Production (2019-2030)
Figure China Polystyrene Production (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Polystyrene Production (2019-2030)
Figure Global Polystyrene Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
Figure Global Polystyrene Revenue Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
Table Global Polystyrene Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Polystyrene Sales by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Sales Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Sales by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Sales Share by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Polystyrene Revenue Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Polystyrene Sales (2019-2030)
Figure North America Polystyrene Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Polystyrene Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Polystyrene Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Asia-Pacific Polystyrene Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Asia-Pacific Polystyrene Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Latin America Polystyrene Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Latin America Polystyrene Revenue (2019-2030)
Figure Middle East & Africa Polystyrene Sales (2019-2030)
Figure Middle East & Africa Polystyrene Revenue (2019-2030)
Table North America Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Polystyrene Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Polystyrene Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure United States Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure United States Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Canada Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Canada Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Europe Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Polystyrene Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Polystyrene Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Germany Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Germany Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure France Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure France Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.K. Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.K. Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Italy Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Italy Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Russia Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Russia Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Polystyrene Sales by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Polystyrene Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Polystyrene Revenue by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Polystyrene Revenue Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure China Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure China Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure South Korea Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure South Korea Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure India Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure India Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Southeast Asia Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Southeast Asia Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Australia Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Australia Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Polystyrene Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Polystyrene Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Mexico Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Mexico Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Brazil Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Brazil Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Polystyrene Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Polystyrene Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Polystyrene Revenue by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Polystyrene Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Turkey Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Turkey Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Saudi Arabia Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Saudi Arabia Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.A.E Polystyrene Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.A.E Polystyrene Revenue Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Raw Material
Table Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Figure Sales Channels
Table Major Distributors of Polystyrene with Contact Information
Table Major Customers of Polystyrene with Contact Information
Table Research Process
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report