This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Oat Milk, with and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Oat Milk.

The Oat Milk market size considering 2022 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2018 to 2029. This report segments the global Oat Milk market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Oat Milk manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and by regions.

The global Oat Milk market size in 2022 is 2500.00 million US dollars, and it is expected to be 6217.36 million US dollars by 2029, with a compound annual growth rate of 13.90% expected in 2023-2029.

MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Oat Milk market include Oatly (Sweden), Rise Brewing (U.S.), Thrive Market (U.S.), Happy Planet Foods (Canada), and Califia Farms (U.S.). The share of the top 3 players in the Oat Milk market is XX%.

REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, and North America accounted for XX%, Europe accounted for XX% of Oat Milk market, and Asia Pacific accounted for XX%.

SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. Organic accounted for XX% of Oat Milk market in 2022. Conventional share of XX%.
Cartons accounted for XX% of the Oat Milk market in 2022. Bottle accounts for XX%.

Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the product overview, market scope, product classification, and application division, and then includes research purposes, report timeline, and economic analysis of global regions.
Chapter 2: Analyzes the Oat Milk manufacturing cost, including raw material analysis, manufacturing cost structure, and industrial chain.
Chapters 3-8: Provide Global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa Oat Milk market type, application and country market segmentation data.
Chapters 9-10: Segmented the global Oat Milk market by type, and application. Analyze the revenue, sales and price of market segments from different perspectives.
Chapter 11: Introduces the market dynamics, the trends factors and drivers factors of the market, and the challenges and restraints faced by manufacturers in the industry, and includes industry mergers & acquisitions and industry new entrants and expansion plans.
Chapter 12: Analyzes the Oat Milk industry chain, including marketing channels, distributors and major downstream buyers.
Chapter 13: Analyzes the main companies in the Oat Milk industry, including their main businesses, products/services, sales, prices, revenue and gross margin.
Chapter 14: The main points and conclusions of the report.

Highlights-Regions

North America
United States
Canada
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Spain
Nordic
Latin America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Mexico
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Turkey
GCC Countries

Player list
Oatly (Sweden)
Rise Brewing (U.S.)
Thrive Market (U.S.)
Happy Planet Foods (Canada)
Califia Farms (U.S.)
The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.)
Pacific Foods (U.S.)
Danone (Paris)
HP Hood LLC (U.S.)

Types list
Organic
Conventional

Application list
Cartons
Bottle
Other Packaging

Table of Content

1 Oat Milk Market Introduction and Overview
1.1 Oat Milk Definition
1.2 Market Size Analysis by Types
1.3 Market Size Analysis by Application
1.4 Research Purposes
1.5 Report Timeline
1.6 Economic Analysis of Global Regions
2 Oat Milk Manufacturing Cost Analysis
2.1 Oat Milk Key Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Key Raw Materials
2.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
2.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
2.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
2.2.1 Raw Materials
2.2.2 Labor Cost
2.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Oat Milk
2.4 Oat Milk Industrial Chain Analysis
3 Global Market Growth Trends Analysis
3.1 Global Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
3.2 Oat Milk Growth Trends Analysis by Regions
3.2.1 Oat Milk Market Size by Regions: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
3.2.2 Oat Milk Historic Market Size by Regions (2018-2023)
3.2.3 Oat Milk Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2023-2029)
3.2.4 North America Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
3.2.5 Europe Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
3.2.6 Asia-Pacific Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
3.2.7 Latin America Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
3.2.8 Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
4 North America
4.1 North America Oat Milk Revenue by Countries
4.1.1 North America Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
4.1.2 North America Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
4.2 North America Oat Milk Revenue by Players
4.3 North America Oat Milk Sales by Types
4.4 North America Oat Milk Sales by Applications
4.5 United States
4.6 Canada
5 Asia Pacific
5.1 Asia Pacific Oat Milk Revenue by Countries
5.1.1 Asia Pacific Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
5.1.2 Asia Pacific Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
5.2 Asia Pacific Oat Milk Revenue by Players
5.3 Asia Pacific Oat Milk Sales by Types
5.4 Asia Pacific Oat Milk Sales by Applications
5.5 China
5.6 Japan
5.7 Korea
5.8 Southeast Asia
5.9 India
5.10 Australia
6 Europe
6.1 Europe Oat Milk Revenue by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
6.1.2 Europe Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
6.2 Europe Oat Milk Revenue by Players
6.3 Europe Oat Milk Sales by Types
6.4 Europe Oat Milk Sales by Applications
6.5 Germany
6.6 France
6.7 UK
6.8 Italy
6.9 Russia
6.10 Spain
6.11 Nordic
7 Latin America
7.1 Latin America Oat Milk Revenue by Countries
7.1.1 Latin America Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
7.1.2 Latin America Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
7.2 Latin America Oat Milk Revenue by Players
7.3 Latin America Oat Milk Sales by Types
7.4 Latin America Oat Milk Sales by Applications
7.5 Brazil
7.6 Argentina
7.7 Colombia
7.8 Mexico
8 Middle East & Africa
8.1 Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Revenue by Countries
8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
8.2 Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Revenue by Players
8.3 Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales by Types
8.4 Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales by Applications
8.5 Egypt
8.6 South Africa
8.7 Israel
8.8 Turkey
8.9 GCC Countries
9 Global Oat Milk Historical and Forecast Market Analysis by Type
9.1 Global Oat Milk Revenue and Market Share by Type
9.2 Global Oat Milk Sales and Market Share by Type
9.3 Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
9.4 Global Oat Milk Sales Market Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
10 Global Oat Milk Historical and Forecast Market Analysis by Application
10.1 Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
10.2 Global Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
10.3 Oat Milk Revenue Market Forecast by Application (2023-2029)
10.4 Oat Milk Sales Market Forecast by Application (2023-2029)
11 Oat Milk Industry Dynamic Analysis
11.1 Oat Milk Market Trends Analysis
11.2 Oat Milk Market Drivers Analysis
11.3 Oat Milk Market Challenges Analysis
11.4 Oat Milk Market Restraints Analysis
11.5 Oat Milk Industry Mergers & Acquisitions
11.6 Oat Milk Industry New Entrants and Expansion Plans
12 Market Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
12.1 Market Channel Status
12.1.1 Direct Marketing
12.1.2 Indirect Marketing
12.2 Oat Milk Typical Distributors
12.3 Oat Milk Typical Customers
13 Players Profiles13.1 Oatly (Sweden)
13.1.1 Oatly (Sweden) Company Profile
13.1.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.1.3 Oatly (Sweden) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.1.4 Oatly (Sweden) Business Overview
13.2 Rise Brewing (U.S.)
13.2.1 Rise Brewing (U.S.) Company Profile
13.2.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.2.3 Rise Brewing (U.S.) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.2.4 Rise Brewing (U.S.) Business Overview
13.3 Thrive Market (U.S.)
13.3.1 Thrive Market (U.S.) Company Profile
13.3.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.3.3 Thrive Market (U.S.) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.3.4 Thrive Market (U.S.) Business Overview
13.4 Happy Planet Foods (Canada)
13.4.1 Happy Planet Foods (Canada) Company Profile
13.4.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.4.3 Happy Planet Foods (Canada) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.4.4 Happy Planet Foods (Canada) Business Overview
13.5 Califia Farms (U.S.)
13.5.1 Califia Farms (U.S.) Company Profile
13.5.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.5.3 Califia Farms (U.S.) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.5.4 Califia Farms (U.S.) Business Overview
13.6 The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.)
13.6.1 The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.) Company Profile
13.6.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.6.3 The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.6.4 The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.) Business Overview
13.7 Pacific Foods (U.S.)
13.7.1 Pacific Foods (U.S.) Company Profile
13.7.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.7.3 Pacific Foods (U.S.) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.7.4 Pacific Foods (U.S.) Business Overview
13.8 Danone (Paris)
13.8.1 Danone (Paris) Company Profile
13.8.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.8.3 Danone (Paris) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.8.4 Danone (Paris) Business Overview
13.9 HP Hood LLC (U.S.)
13.9.1 HP Hood LLC (U.S.) Company Profile
13.9.2 Oat Milk Product Overview
13.9.3 HP Hood LLC (U.S.) Oat Milk Market Performance (2018-2023)
13.9.4 HP Hood LLC (U.S.) Business Overview
14 Research Findings and Conclusion

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Oat Milk Picture
Table Product Definition of Oat Milk
Table Global Oat Milk Market Size by Type (2023 VS 2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Market Size by Application (2023 VS 2029)
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table Raw Materials Analysis
Table Labor Cost Analysis
Table Manufacturing Expenses Analysis
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Oat Milk
Figure Oat Milk Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
Figure Global Oat Milk Sales Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
Table Oat Milk Market Size by Regions: 2018 VS 2023 VS 2029
Table Oat Milk Historic Revenue Market Size by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Oat Milk Historic Revenue Market Share by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Oat Milk Historic Sales Market Size by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Oat Milk Historic Sales Market Share by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Oat Milk Forecasted Revenue Market Size by Regions (2023-2029)
Table Oat Milk Forecasted Revenue Market Share by Regions (2023-2029)
Table Oat Milk Forecasted Sales Market Size by Regions (2023-2029)
Table Oat Milk Forecasted Sales Market Share by Regions (2023-2029)
Figure North America Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
Figure Europe Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
Figure Asia-Pacific Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
Figure Latin America Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
Figure Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Market Size & Forecast (2018-2029)
Table North America Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
Table North America Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table North America Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
Table North America Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table North America Oat Milk Revenue Share by Players 2022
Table North America Oat Milk Sales by Types (2018-2023)
Table North America Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Types (2018-2023)
Table North America Oat Milk Sales by Applications (2018-2023)
Table North America Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Applications (2018-2023)
Figure United States Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure United States Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Canada Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Canada Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Table Asia-Pacific Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Asia-Pacific Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Asia-Pacific Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Asia-Pacific Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Asia Pacific Oat Milk Revenue Share by Players 2022
Table Asia Pacific Oat Milk Sales by Types (2018-2023)
Table Asia Pacific Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Types (2018-2023)
Table Asia Pacific Oat Milk Sales by Applications (2018-2023)
Table Asia Pacific Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Applications (2018-2023)
Figure China Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure China Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Japan Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Japan Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Korea Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Korea Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure India Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure India Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Australia Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Australia Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Table Europe Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Europe Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Europe Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Europe Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Europe Oat Milk Revenue Share by Players 2022
Table Europe Oat Milk Sales by Types (2018-2023)
Table Europe Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Types (2018-2023)
Table Europe Oat Milk Sales by Applications (2018-2023)
Table Europe Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Applications (2018-2023)
Figure Germany Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Germany Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure France Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure France Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure UK Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure UK Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Italy Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Italy Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Russia Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Russia Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Spain Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Spain Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Nordic Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Nordic Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Revenue Share by Players 2022
Table Latin America Oat Milk Sales by Types (2018-2023)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Types (2018-2023)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Sales by Applications (2018-2023)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Applications (2018-2023)
Figure Brazil Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Brazil Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Argentina Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Argentina Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Colombia Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Colombia Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Mexico Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Mexico Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Revenue by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Countries (2018-2029)
Table Latin America Oat Milk Revenue Share by Players 2022
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales by Types (2018-2023)
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Types (2018-2023)
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales by Applications (2018-2023)
Table Middle East & Africa Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Applications (2018-2023)
Figure Egypt Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Egypt Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure South Africa Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure South Africa Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Israel Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Israel Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Turkey Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure Turkey Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure GCC Countries Oat Milk Revenue and Growth (2018-2029)
Figure GCC Countries Oat Milk Sales and Growth (2018-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue and Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue and Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales and Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales and Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2029)
Figure Global Oat Milk Market Size and Growth by {Type 1} (2018-2029)
Figure Global Oat Milk Market Size and Growth by {Type 2} (2018-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Size by Application (2023-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Revenue Market Share by Application (2023-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales Market Size by Application (2023-2029)
Table Global Oat Milk Sales Market Share by Application (2023-2029)
Figure Global Oat Milk Market Size and Growth by {Application 1} (2018-2029)
Figure Global Oat Milk Market Size and Growth by {Application 2} (2018-2029)
Table Market Trends Analysis
Table Market Drivers Analysis
Table Market Challenges Analysis
Table Market Restraints Analysis
Table Market Mergers & Acquisitions
Table Market New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table Distributors of Oat Milk with Contact Information
Table Major Customers of Oat Milk with Contact Information
Table Oatly (Sweden) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table Oatly (Sweden) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure Oatly (Sweden) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure Oatly (Sweden) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table Rise Brewing (U.S.) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table Rise Brewing (U.S.) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure Rise Brewing (U.S.) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure Rise Brewing (U.S.) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table Thrive Market (U.S.) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table Thrive Market (U.S.) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure Thrive Market (U.S.) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure Thrive Market (U.S.) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table Happy Planet Foods (Canada) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table Happy Planet Foods (Canada) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure Happy Planet Foods (Canada) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure Happy Planet Foods (Canada) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table Califia Farms (U.S.) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table Califia Farms (U.S.) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure Califia Farms (U.S.) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure Califia Farms (U.S.) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure The Coca-Cola Company (U.S.) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table Pacific Foods (U.S.) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table Pacific Foods (U.S.) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure Pacific Foods (U.S.) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure Pacific Foods (U.S.) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table Danone (Paris) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table Danone (Paris) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure Danone (Paris) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure Danone (Paris) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table HP Hood LLC (U.S.) Profile
Table Product Overview
Table HP Hood LLC (U.S.) Oat Milk Sales, Price, Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
Figure HP Hood LLC (U.S.) Sales and Growth Rate
Figure HP Hood LLC (U.S.) Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Business Overview
Table Research Findings and Conclusion